chore(main): release 0.32.2 (#842 )

fix: use Daily API recording.duration as master source for transcript duration (#844 )
Set duration early in get_participants from Daily API (seconds -> ms), ensuring post_zulip has the value before mixdown_tracks completes. Removes redundant duration update from mixdown_tracks. Co-authored-by: Igor Loskutov <igor.loskutoff@gmail.com>
2026-02-04 18:06:48 +00:00 · 2026-02-03 22:05:22 -05:00 · 2026-02-03 17:15:03 -05:00 · 2026-02-03 16:05:16 -05:00 · 2026-02-03 00:18:47 +01:00 · 2026-01-30 17:34:48 -05:00
23 changed files with 898 additions and 355 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 .DS_Store
 server/.env
+server/.env.production
 .env
 Caddyfile
 server/exportdanswer
--- a/.gitleaksignore
+++ b/.gitleaksignore
@@ -4,4 +4,3 @@ docs/docs/installation/daily-setup.md:curl-auth-header:277
 gpu/self_hosted/DEV_SETUP.md:curl-auth-header:74
 gpu/self_hosted/DEV_SETUP.md:curl-auth-header:83
 server/reflector/worker/process.py:generic-api-key:465
-server/reflector/worker/process.py:generic-api-key:594
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,29 @@
 # Changelog

+## [0.32.2](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/compare/v0.32.1...v0.32.2) (2026-02-03)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* increase TIMEOUT_MEDIUM from 2m to 5m for LLM tasks ([#843](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/issues/843)) ([4acde4b](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/4acde4b7fdef88cc02ca12cf38c9020b05ed96ac))
+* make caddy optional ([#841](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/issues/841)) ([a2ed7d6](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/a2ed7d60d557b551a5b64e4dfd909b63a791d9fc))
+* use Daily API recording.duration as master source for transcript duration ([#844](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/issues/844)) ([8707c66](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/8707c6694a80c939b6214bbc13331741f192e082))
+
+## [0.32.1](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/compare/v0.32.0...v0.32.1) (2026-01-30)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* daily multitrack pipeline finalze dependency fix ([23eb137](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/23eb1371cb9348c4b81eb12ad506b582f8a4799e))
+* match httpx pad with hatchet audio timeout ([c05d1f0](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/c05d1f03cd8369fc06efd455527e50246887efd0))
+
+## [0.32.0](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/compare/v0.31.0...v0.32.0) (2026-01-30)
+
+
+### Features
+
+* modal padding ([#837](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/issues/837)) ([7fde64e](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/commit/7fde64e2529a1d37b0f7507c62d983a7bd0b5b89))
+
 ## [0.31.0](https://github.com/Monadical-SAS/reflector/compare/v0.30.0...v0.31.0) (2026-01-23)


--- a/Caddyfile.example
+++ b/Caddyfile.example
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# Reflector Caddyfile
-# Replace example.com with your actual domains
-# CORS is handled by the backend - Caddy just proxies
+# Reflector Caddyfile (optional reverse proxy)
+# Use this only when you run Caddy via: docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml --profile caddy up -d
+# If Coolify, Traefik, or nginx already use ports 80/443, do NOT start Caddy; point your proxy at web:3000 and server:1250.
+#
+# Replace example.com with your actual domains. CORS is handled by the backend - Caddy just proxies.
 #
 # For environment variable substitution, set:
 #   FRONTEND_DOMAIN=app.example.com
--- a/docker-compose.prod.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.prod.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 # Production Docker Compose configuration
 # Usage: docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
 #
+# Caddy (reverse proxy on ports 80/443) is OPTIONAL and behind the "caddy" profile:
+# - With Caddy (self-hosted, you manage SSL): docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml --profile caddy up -d
+# - Without Caddy (Coolify/Traefik/nginx already on 80/443): docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
+#   Then point your proxy at web:3000 (frontend) and server:1250 (API).
+#
 # Prerequisites:
 # 1. Copy .env.example to .env and configure for both server/ and www/
-# 2. Copy Caddyfile.example to Caddyfile and edit with your domains
+# 2. If using Caddy: copy Caddyfile.example to Caddyfile and edit your domains
 # 3. Deploy Modal GPU functions (see gpu/modal_deployments/deploy-all.sh)

 services:
@@ -84,6 +89,8 @@ services:
      retries: 3

  caddy:
+    profiles:
+      - caddy
    image: caddy:2-alpine
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
--- a/docs/docs/installation/docker-setup.md
+++ b/docs/docs/installation/docker-setup.md
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ This page documents the Docker Compose configuration for Reflector. For the comp
 The `docker-compose.prod.yml` includes these services:

 | Service    | Image                             | Purpose                                                                     |
-|---------|-------|---------|
+| ---------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | `web`      | `monadicalsas/reflector-frontend` | Next.js frontend                                                            |
 | `server`   | `monadicalsas/reflector-backend`  | FastAPI backend                                                             |
 | `worker`   | `monadicalsas/reflector-backend`  | Celery worker for background tasks                                          |
 | `beat`     | `monadicalsas/reflector-backend`  | Celery beat scheduler                                                       |
 | `redis`    | `redis:7.2-alpine`                | Message broker and cache                                                    |
 | `postgres` | `postgres:17-alpine`              | Primary database                                                            |
-| `caddy` | `caddy:2-alpine` | Reverse proxy with auto-SSL |
+| `caddy`    | `caddy:2-alpine`                  | Reverse proxy with auto-SSL (optional; see [Caddy profile](#caddy-profile)) |

 ## Environment Files

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ Reflector uses two separate environment files:
 Used by: `server`, `worker`, `beat`

 Key variables:
+
 ```env
 # Database connection
 DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reflector:reflector@postgres:5432/reflector
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ TRANSCRIPT_MODAL_API_KEY=...
 Used by: `web`

 Key variables:
+
 ```env
 # Domain configuration
 SITE_URL=https://app.example.com
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ Note: `API_URL` is used client-side (browser), `SERVER_API_URL` is used server-s
 ## Volumes

 | Volume          | Purpose                       |
-|--------|---------|
+| --------------- | ----------------------------- |
 | `redis_data`    | Redis persistence             |
 | `postgres_data` | PostgreSQL data               |
 | `server_data`   | Uploaded files, local storage |
@@ -82,14 +84,30 @@ Note: `API_URL` is used client-side (browser), `SERVER_API_URL` is used server-s

 All services share the default network. The network is marked `attachable: true` to allow external containers (like Authentik) to join.

+## Caddy profile
+
+Caddy (ports 80 and 443) is **optional** and behind the `caddy` profile so it does not conflict with an existing reverse proxy (e.g. Coolify, Traefik, nginx).
+
+- **With Caddy** (you want Reflector to handle SSL):
+  `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml --profile caddy up -d`
+- **Without Caddy** (Coolify or another proxy already on 80/443):
+  `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d`
+  Then configure your proxy to send traffic to `web:3000` (frontend) and `server:1250` (API).
+
 ## Common Commands

 ### Start all services
+
 ```bash
+# Without Caddy (e.g. when using Coolify)
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
+
+# With Caddy as reverse proxy
+docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml --profile caddy up -d
 ```

 ### View logs
+
 ```bash
 # All services
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs -f
@@ -99,6 +117,7 @@ docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs server --tail 50
 ```

 ### Restart a service
+
 ```bash
 # Quick restart (doesn't reload .env changes)
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml restart server
@@ -108,27 +127,32 @@ docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d server
 ```

 ### Run database migrations
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml exec server uv run alembic upgrade head
 ```

 ### Access database
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml exec postgres psql -U reflector
 ```

 ### Pull latest images
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml pull
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
 ```

 ### Stop all services
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml down
 ```

 ### Full reset (WARNING: deletes data)
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml down -v
 ```
@@ -187,6 +211,7 @@ The Caddyfile supports environment variable substitution:
 Set `FRONTEND_DOMAIN` and `API_DOMAIN` environment variables, or edit the file directly.

 ### Reload Caddy after changes
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml exec caddy caddy reload --config /etc/caddy/Caddyfile
 ```
--- a/docs/docs/installation/overview.md
+++ b/docs/docs/installation/overview.md
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Type: A    Name: api    Value: <your-server-ip>
 Reflector requires GPU processing for transcription and speaker diarization. Choose one option:

 |              | **Modal.com (Cloud)**             | **Self-Hosted GPU**          |
-|---|---|---|
+| ------------ | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------- |
 | **Best for** | No GPU hardware, zero maintenance | Own GPU server, full control |
 | **Pricing**  | Pay-per-use                       | Fixed infrastructure cost    |

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ Reflector requires GPU processing for transcription and speaker diarization. Cho
 #### Accept HuggingFace Licenses

 Visit both pages and click "Accept":
+
 - https://huggingface.co/pyannote/speaker-diarization-3.1
 - https://huggingface.co/pyannote/segmentation-3.0

@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ Save these credentials - you'll need them in the next step.
 ## Configure Environment

 Reflector has two env files:
+
 - `server/.env` - Backend configuration
 - `www/.env` - Frontend configuration

@@ -190,6 +192,7 @@ nano server/.env
 ```

 **Required settings:**
+
 ```env
 # Database (defaults work with docker-compose.prod.yml)
 DATABASE_URL=postgresql+asyncpg://reflector:reflector@postgres:5432/reflector
@@ -249,6 +252,7 @@ nano www/.env
 ```

 **Required settings:**
+
 ```env
 # Your domains
 SITE_URL=https://app.example.com
@@ -266,7 +270,11 @@ FEATURE_REQUIRE_LOGIN=false

 ---

-## Configure Caddy
+## Reverse proxy (Caddy or existing)
+
+**If Coolify, Traefik, or nginx already use ports 80/443** (e.g. Coolify on your host): skip Caddy. Start the stack without the Caddy profile (see [Start Services](#start-services) below), then point your proxy at `web:3000` (frontend) and `server:1250` (API).
+
+**If you want Reflector to provide the reverse proxy and SSL:**

 ```bash
 cp Caddyfile.example Caddyfile
@@ -289,10 +297,18 @@ Replace `example.com` with your domains. The `{$VAR:default}` syntax uses Caddy'

 ## Start Services

+**Without Caddy** (e.g. Coolify already on 80/443):
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d
 ```

+**With Caddy** (Reflector handles SSL):
+
+```bash
+docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml --profile caddy up -d
+```
+
 Wait for containers to start (first run may take 1-2 minutes to pull images and initialize).

 ---
@@ -300,18 +316,21 @@ Wait for containers to start (first run may take 1-2 minutes to pull images and
 ## Verify Deployment

 ### Check services
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml ps
 # All should show "Up"
 ```

 ### Test API
+
 ```bash
 curl https://api.example.com/health
 # Should return: {"status":"healthy"}
 ```

 ### Test Frontend
+
 - Visit https://app.example.com
 - You should see the Reflector interface
 - Try uploading an audio file to test transcription
@@ -327,6 +346,7 @@ By default, Reflector is open (no login required). **Authentication is required
 See [Authentication Setup](./auth-setup) for full Authentik OAuth configuration.

 Quick summary:
+
 1. Deploy Authentik on your server
 2. Create OAuth provider in Authentik
 3. Extract public key for JWT verification
@@ -358,6 +378,7 @@ DAILYCO_STORAGE_AWS_ROLE_ARN=<arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT:role/DailyCo>
 ```

 Reload env and restart:
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d server worker
 ```
@@ -367,35 +388,43 @@ docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d server worker
 ## Troubleshooting

 ### Check logs for errors
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs server --tail 20
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs worker --tail 20
 ```

 ### Services won't start
+
 ```bash
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs
 ```

 ### CORS errors in browser
+
 - Verify `CORS_ORIGIN` in `server/.env` matches your frontend domain exactly (including `https://`)
 - Reload env: `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d server`

-### SSL certificate errors
+### SSL certificate errors (when using Caddy)
+
 - Caddy auto-provisions Let's Encrypt certificates
- Ensure ports 80 and 443 are open
+- Ensure ports 80 and 443 are open and not used by another proxy
 - Check: `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs caddy`
+- If port 80 is already in use (e.g. by Coolify), run without Caddy: `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d` and use your existing proxy

 ### Transcription not working
+
 - Check Modal dashboard: https://modal.com/apps
 - Verify URLs in `server/.env` match deployed functions
 - Check worker logs: `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml logs worker`

 ### "Login required" but auth not configured
+
 - Set `FEATURE_REQUIRE_LOGIN=false` in `www/.env`
 - Rebuild frontend: `docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d --force-recreate web`

 ### Database migrations or connectivity issues
+
 Migrations run automatically on server startup. To check database connectivity or debug migration failures:

 ```bash
@@ -408,4 +437,3 @@ docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml exec server uv run python -c "from ref
 # Manually run migrations (if needed)
 docker compose -f docker-compose.prod.yml exec server uv run alembic upgrade head
 ```
-
--- a/gpu/modal_deployments/deploy-all.sh
+++ b/gpu/modal_deployments/deploy-all.sh
@@ -131,6 +131,15 @@ if [ -z "$DIARIZER_URL" ]; then
 fi
 echo "  -> $DIARIZER_URL"

+echo ""
+echo "Deploying padding (CPU audio processing via Modal SDK)..."
+modal deploy reflector_padding.py
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    echo "Error: Failed to deploy padding. Check Modal dashboard for details."
+    exit 1
+fi
+echo "  -> reflector-padding.pad_track (Modal SDK function)"
+
 # --- Output Configuration ---
 echo ""
 echo "=========================================="
@@ -147,4 +156,6 @@ echo ""
 echo "DIARIZATION_BACKEND=modal"
 echo "DIARIZATION_URL=$DIARIZER_URL"
 echo "DIARIZATION_MODAL_API_KEY=$API_KEY"
+echo ""
+echo "# Padding uses Modal SDK (requires MODAL_TOKEN_ID/SECRET in worker containers)"
 echo "# --- End Modal Configuration ---"
--- a/gpu/modal_deployments/reflector_padding.py
+++ b/gpu/modal_deployments/reflector_padding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+"""
+Reflector GPU backend - audio padding
+======================================
+
+CPU-intensive audio padding service for adding silence to audio tracks.
+Uses PyAV filter graph (adelay) for precise track synchronization.
+
+IMPORTANT: This padding logic is duplicated from server/reflector/utils/audio_padding.py
+for Modal deployment isolation (Modal can't import from server/reflector/). If you modify
+the PyAV filter graph or padding algorithm, you MUST update both:
+  - gpu/modal_deployments/reflector_padding.py (this file)
+  - server/reflector/utils/audio_padding.py
+
+Constants duplicated from server/reflector/utils/audio_constants.py for same reason.
+"""
+
+import os
+import tempfile
+from fractions import Fraction
+import math
+import asyncio
+
+import modal
+
+S3_TIMEOUT = 60 # happens 2 times
+PADDING_TIMEOUT = 600 + (S3_TIMEOUT * 2)
+SCALEDOWN_WINDOW = 60  # The maximum duration (in seconds) that individual containers can remain idle when scaling down.
+DISCONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL = 2  # Check for client disconnect
+
+
+app = modal.App("reflector-padding")
+
+# CPU-based image
+image = (
+    modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.12")
+    .apt_install("ffmpeg")  # Required by PyAV
+    .pip_install(
+        "av==13.1.0",  # PyAV for audio processing
+        "requests==2.32.3",  # HTTP for presigned URL downloads/uploads
+        "fastapi==0.115.12",  # API framework
+    )
+)
+
+# ref B0F71CE8-FC59-4AA5-8414-DAFB836DB711
+OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE = 48000
+# ref B0F71CE8-FC59-4AA5-8414-DAFB836DB711
+OPUS_DEFAULT_BIT_RATE = 128000
+
+
+@app.function(
+    cpu=2.0,
+    timeout=PADDING_TIMEOUT,
+    scaledown_window=SCALEDOWN_WINDOW,
+    image=image,
+)
+@modal.asgi_app()
+def web():
+    from fastapi import FastAPI, Request, HTTPException
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class PaddingRequest(BaseModel):
+        track_url: str
+        output_url: str
+        start_time_seconds: float
+        track_index: int
+
+    class PaddingResponse(BaseModel):
+        size: int
+        cancelled: bool = False
+
+    web_app = FastAPI()
+
+    @web_app.post("/pad")
+    async def pad_track_endpoint(request: Request, req: PaddingRequest) -> PaddingResponse:
+        """Modal web endpoint for padding audio tracks with disconnect detection.
+        """
+        import logging
+
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
+        logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+        if not req.track_url:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="track_url cannot be empty")
+        if not req.output_url:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="output_url cannot be empty")
+        if req.start_time_seconds <= 0:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"start_time_seconds must be positive, got {req.start_time_seconds}")
+        if req.start_time_seconds > 18000:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"start_time_seconds exceeds maximum 18000s (5 hours)")
+
+        logger.info(f"Padding request: track {req.track_index}, delay={req.start_time_seconds}s")
+
+        # Thread-safe cancellation flag shared between async disconnect checker and blocking thread
+        import threading
+        cancelled = threading.Event()
+
+        async def check_disconnect():
+            """Background task to check for client disconnect every 2 seconds."""
+            while not cancelled.is_set():
+                await asyncio.sleep(DISCONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL)
+                if await request.is_disconnected():
+                    logger.warning("Client disconnected, setting cancellation flag")
+                    cancelled.set()
+                    break
+
+        # Start disconnect checker in background
+        disconnect_task = asyncio.create_task(check_disconnect())
+
+        try:
+            result = await asyncio.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
+                None, _pad_track_blocking, req, cancelled, logger
+            )
+            return PaddingResponse(**result)
+        finally:
+            cancelled.set()
+            disconnect_task.cancel()
+            try:
+                await disconnect_task
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                pass
+
+    def _pad_track_blocking(req, cancelled, logger) -> dict:
+        """Blocking CPU-bound padding work with periodic cancellation checks.
+
+        Args:
+            cancelled: threading.Event for thread-safe cancellation signaling
+        """
+        import av
+        import requests
+        from av.audio.resampler import AudioResampler
+        import time
+
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        input_path = None
+        output_path = None
+        last_check = time.time()
+
+        try:
+            logger.info("Downloading track for padding")
+            response = requests.get(req.track_url, stream=True, timeout=S3_TIMEOUT)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+
+            input_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "track.webm")
+            total_bytes = 0
+            chunk_count = 0
+            with open(input_path, "wb") as f:
+                for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
+                    if chunk:
+                        f.write(chunk)
+                        total_bytes += len(chunk)
+                        chunk_count += 1
+
+                        # Check for cancellation every arbitrary amount of chunks
+                        if chunk_count % 12 == 0:
+                            now = time.time()
+                            if now - last_check >= DISCONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL:
+                                if cancelled.is_set():
+                                    logger.info("Cancelled during download, exiting early")
+                                    return {"size": 0, "cancelled": True}
+                                last_check = now
+            logger.info(f"Track downloaded: {total_bytes} bytes")
+
+            if cancelled.is_set():
+                logger.info("Cancelled after download, exiting early")
+                return {"size": 0, "cancelled": True}
+
+            # Apply padding using PyAV
+            output_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, "padded.webm")
+            delay_ms = math.floor(req.start_time_seconds * 1000)
+            logger.info(f"Padding track {req.track_index} with {delay_ms}ms delay using PyAV")
+
+            in_container = av.open(input_path)
+            in_stream = next((s for s in in_container.streams if s.type == "audio"), None)
+            if in_stream is None:
+                raise ValueError("No audio stream in input")
+
+            with av.open(output_path, "w", format="webm") as out_container:
+                out_stream = out_container.add_stream("libopus", rate=OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE)
+                out_stream.bit_rate = OPUS_DEFAULT_BIT_RATE
+                graph = av.filter.Graph()
+
+                abuf_args = (
+                    f"time_base=1/{OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE}:"
+                    f"sample_rate={OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE}:"
+                    f"sample_fmt=s16:"
+                    f"channel_layout=stereo"
+                )
+                src = graph.add("abuffer", args=abuf_args, name="src")
+                aresample_f = graph.add("aresample", args="async=1", name="ares")
+                delays_arg = f"{delay_ms}|{delay_ms}"
+                adelay_f = graph.add("adelay", args=f"delays={delays_arg}:all=1", name="delay")
+                sink = graph.add("abuffersink", name="sink")
+
+                src.link_to(aresample_f)
+                aresample_f.link_to(adelay_f)
+                adelay_f.link_to(sink)
+                graph.configure()
+
+                resampler = AudioResampler(
+                    format="s16", layout="stereo", rate=OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE
+                )
+
+                for frame in in_container.decode(in_stream):
+                    # Check for cancellation periodically
+                    now = time.time()
+                    if now - last_check >= DISCONNECT_CHECK_INTERVAL:
+                        if cancelled.is_set():
+                            logger.info("Cancelled during processing, exiting early")
+                            in_container.close()
+                            return {"size": 0, "cancelled": True}
+                        last_check = now
+
+                    out_frames = resampler.resample(frame) or []
+                    for rframe in out_frames:
+                        rframe.sample_rate = OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE
+                        rframe.time_base = Fraction(1, OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE)
+                        src.push(rframe)
+
+                        while True:
+                            try:
+                                f_out = sink.pull()
+                            except Exception:
+                                break
+                            f_out.sample_rate = OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE
+                            f_out.time_base = Fraction(1, OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE)
+                            for packet in out_stream.encode(f_out):
+                                out_container.mux(packet)
+
+                # Flush filter graph
+                src.push(None)
+                while True:
+                    try:
+                        f_out = sink.pull()
+                    except Exception:
+                        break
+                    f_out.sample_rate = OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE
+                    f_out.time_base = Fraction(1, OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE)
+                    for packet in out_stream.encode(f_out):
+                        out_container.mux(packet)
+
+                # Flush encoder
+                for packet in out_stream.encode(None):
+                    out_container.mux(packet)
+
+            in_container.close()
+
+            file_size = os.path.getsize(output_path)
+            logger.info(f"Padding complete: {file_size} bytes")
+
+            logger.info("Uploading padded track to S3")
+
+            with open(output_path, "rb") as f:
+                upload_response = requests.put(req.output_url, data=f, timeout=S3_TIMEOUT)
+
+            upload_response.raise_for_status()
+            logger.info(f"Upload complete: {file_size} bytes")
+
+            return {"size": file_size}
+
+        finally:
+            if input_path and os.path.exists(input_path):
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(input_path)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(f"Failed to cleanup input file: {e}")
+            if output_path and os.path.exists(output_path):
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(output_path)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(f"Failed to cleanup output file: {e}")
+            try:
+                os.rmdir(temp_dir)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f"Failed to cleanup temp directory: {e}")
+
+    return web_app
+
--- a/server/pyproject.toml
+++ b/server/pyproject.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ readme = "README.md"
 dependencies = [
    "aiohttp>=3.9.0",
    "aiohttp-cors>=0.7.0",
-    "av>=10.0.0",
+    "av>=15.0.0",
    "requests>=2.31.0",
    "aiortc>=1.5.0",
    "sortedcontainers>=2.4.0",
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/constants.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/constants.py
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ from enum import StrEnum
 class TaskName(StrEnum):
    GET_RECORDING = "get_recording"
    GET_PARTICIPANTS = "get_participants"
-    PROCESS_PADDINGS = "process_paddings"
-    PROCESS_TRANSCRIPTIONS = "process_transcriptions"
+    PROCESS_TRACKS = "process_tracks"
    MIXDOWN_TRACKS = "mixdown_tracks"
    GENERATE_WAVEFORM = "generate_waveform"
    DETECT_TOPICS = "detect_topics"
@@ -36,7 +35,9 @@ LLM_RATE_LIMIT_PER_SECOND = 10

 # Task execution timeouts (seconds)
 TIMEOUT_SHORT = 60  # Quick operations: API calls, DB updates
-TIMEOUT_MEDIUM = 120  # Single LLM calls, waveform generation
+TIMEOUT_MEDIUM = (
+    300  # Single LLM calls, waveform generation (5m for slow LLM responses)
+)
 TIMEOUT_LONG = 180  # Action items (larger context LLM)
-TIMEOUT_AUDIO = 300  # Audio processing: padding, mixdown
+TIMEOUT_AUDIO = 720  # Audio processing: padding, mixdown
 TIMEOUT_HEAVY = 600  # Transcription, fan-out LLM tasks
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/run_workers_cpu.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/run_workers_cpu.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """
 CPU-heavy worker pool for audio processing tasks.
-Handles: mixdown_tracks only (serialized with max_runs=1)
+Handles ONLY: mixdown_tracks

 Configuration:
- slots=1: Only one mixdown at a time
+- slots=1: Only mixdown (already serialized globally with max_runs=1)
 - Worker affinity: pool=cpu-heavy
 """

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def main():

    cpu_worker = hatchet.worker(
        "cpu-worker-pool",
-        slots=1,
+        slots=1,  # Only 1 mixdown at a time (already serialized globally)
        labels={
            "pool": "cpu-heavy",
        },
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/run_workers_llm.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/run_workers_llm.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 """
 LLM/I/O worker pool for all non-CPU tasks.
-Handles: all tasks except mixdown_tracks (padding, transcription, LLM inference, orchestration)
+Handles: all tasks except mixdown_tracks (transcription, LLM inference, orchestration)
 """

 from reflector.hatchet.client import HatchetClientManager
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.daily_multitrack_pipeline import (
    daily_multitrack_pipeline,
 )
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.padding_workflow import padding_workflow
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.subject_processing import subject_workflow
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.topic_chunk_processing import topic_chunk_workflow
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.transcription_workflow import transcription_workflow
+from reflector.hatchet.workflows.track_processing import track_workflow
 from reflector.logger import logger

 SLOTS = 10
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ def main():

    llm_worker = hatchet.worker(
        WORKER_NAME,
-        slots=SLOTS,
+        slots=SLOTS,  # not all slots are probably used
        labels={
            "pool": POOL,
        },
@@ -38,8 +37,7 @@ def main():
            daily_multitrack_pipeline,
            topic_chunk_workflow,
            subject_workflow,
-            padding_workflow,
-            transcription_workflow,
+            track_workflow,
        ],
    )

--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/init.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/init.py
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ from reflector.hatchet.workflows.daily_multitrack_pipeline import (
    PipelineInput,
    daily_multitrack_pipeline,
 )
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.padding_workflow import (
-    PaddingInput,
-    padding_workflow,
-)
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.subject_processing import (
    SubjectInput,
    subject_workflow,
@@ -16,20 +12,15 @@ from reflector.hatchet.workflows.topic_chunk_processing import (
    TopicChunkInput,
    topic_chunk_workflow,
 )
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.transcription_workflow import (
-    TranscriptionInput,
-    transcription_workflow,
-)
+from reflector.hatchet.workflows.track_processing import TrackInput, track_workflow

 __all__ = [
    "daily_multitrack_pipeline",
    "subject_workflow",
    "topic_chunk_workflow",
-    "padding_workflow",
-    "transcription_workflow",
+    "track_workflow",
    "PipelineInput",
    "SubjectInput",
    "TopicChunkInput",
-    "PaddingInput",
-    "TranscriptionInput",
+    "TrackInput",
 ]
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/daily_multitrack_pipeline.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/daily_multitrack_pipeline.py
@@ -54,9 +54,8 @@ from reflector.hatchet.workflows.models import (
    PadTrackResult,
    ParticipantInfo,
    ParticipantsResult,
-    ProcessPaddingsResult,
    ProcessSubjectsResult,
-    ProcessTranscriptionsResult,
+    ProcessTracksResult,
    RecapResult,
    RecordingResult,
    SubjectsResult,
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ from reflector.hatchet.workflows.models import (
    WebhookResult,
    ZulipResult,
 )
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.padding_workflow import PaddingInput, padding_workflow
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.subject_processing import (
    SubjectInput,
    subject_workflow,
@@ -78,10 +76,7 @@ from reflector.hatchet.workflows.topic_chunk_processing import (
    TopicChunkInput,
    topic_chunk_workflow,
 )
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.transcription_workflow import (
-    TranscriptionInput,
-    transcription_workflow,
-)
+from reflector.hatchet.workflows.track_processing import TrackInput, track_workflow
 from reflector.logger import logger
 from reflector.pipelines import topic_processing
 from reflector.processors import AudioFileWriterProcessor
@@ -327,6 +322,7 @@ async def get_participants(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> ParticipantsRe
    mtg_session_id = recording.mtg_session_id
    async with fresh_db_connection():
        from reflector.db.transcripts import (  # noqa: PLC0415
+            TranscriptDuration,
            TranscriptParticipant,
            transcripts_controller,
        )
@@ -335,15 +331,26 @@ async def get_participants(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> ParticipantsRe
        if not transcript:
            raise ValueError(f"Transcript {input.transcript_id} not found")
        # Note: title NOT cleared - preserves existing titles
+        # Duration from Daily API (seconds -> milliseconds) - master source
+        duration_ms = recording.duration * 1000 if recording.duration else 0
        await transcripts_controller.update(
            transcript,
            {
                "events": [],
                "topics": [],
                "participants": [],
+                "duration": duration_ms,
            },
        )

+        await append_event_and_broadcast(
+            input.transcript_id,
+            transcript,
+            "DURATION",
+            TranscriptDuration(duration=duration_ms),
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+
        mtg_session_id = assert_non_none_and_non_empty(
            mtg_session_id, "mtg_session_id is required"
        )
@@ -409,115 +416,72 @@ async def get_participants(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> ParticipantsRe
    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_HEAVY),
    retries=3,
 )
-@with_error_handling(TaskName.PROCESS_PADDINGS)
-async def process_paddings(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> ProcessPaddingsResult:
-    """Spawn child workflows for each track to apply padding (dynamic fan-out)."""
-    ctx.log(f"process_paddings: spawning {len(input.tracks)} padding workflows")
+@with_error_handling(TaskName.PROCESS_TRACKS)
+async def process_tracks(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> ProcessTracksResult:
+    """Spawn child workflows for each track (dynamic fan-out)."""
+    ctx.log(f"process_tracks: spawning {len(input.tracks)} track workflows")
+
+    participants_result = ctx.task_output(get_participants)
+    source_language = participants_result.source_language

    bulk_runs = [
-        padding_workflow.create_bulk_run_item(
-            input=PaddingInput(
+        track_workflow.create_bulk_run_item(
+            input=TrackInput(
                track_index=i,
                s3_key=track["s3_key"],
                bucket_name=input.bucket_name,
                transcript_id=input.transcript_id,
+                language=source_language,
            )
        )
        for i, track in enumerate(input.tracks)
    ]

-    results = await padding_workflow.aio_run_many(bulk_runs)
+    results = await track_workflow.aio_run_many(bulk_runs)

+    target_language = participants_result.target_language
+
+    track_words: list[list[Word]] = []
    padded_tracks = []
-    created_padded_files = []
+    created_padded_files = set()

    for result in results:
+        transcribe_result = TranscribeTrackResult(**result[TaskName.TRANSCRIBE_TRACK])
+        track_words.append(transcribe_result.words)
+
        pad_result = PadTrackResult(**result[TaskName.PAD_TRACK])

+        # Store S3 key info (not presigned URL) - consumer tasks presign on demand
+        if pad_result.padded_key:
            padded_tracks.append(
                PaddedTrackInfo(
-                key=pad_result.padded_key,
-                bucket_name=pad_result.bucket_name,
-                track_index=pad_result.track_index,
+                    key=pad_result.padded_key, bucket_name=pad_result.bucket_name
                )
            )

        if pad_result.size > 0:
            storage_path = f"file_pipeline_hatchet/{input.transcript_id}/tracks/padded_{pad_result.track_index}.webm"
-            created_padded_files.append(storage_path)
-
-    ctx.log(f"process_paddings complete: {len(padded_tracks)} padded tracks")
-
-    return ProcessPaddingsResult(
-        padded_tracks=padded_tracks,
-        num_tracks=len(input.tracks),
-        created_padded_files=list(created_padded_files),
-    )
-
-
-@daily_multitrack_pipeline.task(
-    parents=[process_paddings],
-    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_HEAVY),
-    retries=3,
-)
-@with_error_handling(TaskName.PROCESS_TRANSCRIPTIONS)
-async def process_transcriptions(
-    input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context
-) -> ProcessTranscriptionsResult:
-    """Spawn child workflows for each padded track to transcribe (dynamic fan-out)."""
-    participants_result = ctx.task_output(get_participants)
-    paddings_result = ctx.task_output(process_paddings)
-
-    source_language = participants_result.source_language
-    if not source_language:
-        raise ValueError("source_language is required for transcription")
-
-    target_language = participants_result.target_language
-    padded_tracks = paddings_result.padded_tracks
-
-    if not padded_tracks:
-        raise ValueError("No padded tracks available for transcription")
-
-    ctx.log(
-        f"process_transcriptions: spawning {len(padded_tracks)} transcription workflows"
-    )
-
-    bulk_runs = [
-        transcription_workflow.create_bulk_run_item(
-            input=TranscriptionInput(
-                track_index=padded_track.track_index,
-                padded_key=padded_track.key,
-                bucket_name=padded_track.bucket_name,
-                language=source_language,
-            )
-        )
-        for padded_track in padded_tracks
-    ]
-
-    results = await transcription_workflow.aio_run_many(bulk_runs)
-
-    track_words: list[list[Word]] = []
-    for result in results:
-        transcribe_result = TranscribeTrackResult(**result[TaskName.TRANSCRIBE_TRACK])
-        track_words.append(transcribe_result.words)
+            created_padded_files.add(storage_path)

    all_words = [word for words in track_words for word in words]
    all_words.sort(key=lambda w: w.start)

    ctx.log(
-        f"process_transcriptions complete: {len(all_words)} words from {len(padded_tracks)} tracks"
+        f"process_tracks complete: {len(all_words)} words from {len(input.tracks)} tracks"
    )

-    return ProcessTranscriptionsResult(
+    return ProcessTracksResult(
        all_words=all_words,
+        padded_tracks=padded_tracks,
        word_count=len(all_words),
        num_tracks=len(input.tracks),
        target_language=target_language,
+        created_padded_files=list(created_padded_files),
    )


@daily_multitrack_pipeline.task(
-    parents=[process_paddings],
+    parents=[process_tracks],
    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_AUDIO),
    retries=3,
    desired_worker_labels={
@@ -537,12 +501,12 @@ async def process_transcriptions(
 )
@with_error_handling(TaskName.MIXDOWN_TRACKS)
 async def mixdown_tracks(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> MixdownResult:
-    """Mix all padded tracks into single audio file using PyAV."""
+    """Mix all padded tracks into single audio file using PyAV (same as Celery)."""
    ctx.log("mixdown_tracks: mixing padded tracks into single audio file")

-    paddings_result = ctx.task_output(process_paddings)
+    track_result = ctx.task_output(process_tracks)
    recording_result = ctx.task_output(get_recording)
-    padded_tracks = paddings_result.padded_tracks
+    padded_tracks = track_result.padded_tracks

    # Dynamic timeout: scales with track count and recording duration
    # Base 300s + 60s per track + 1s per 10s of recording
@@ -696,7 +660,7 @@ async def generate_waveform(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> WaveformResul


@daily_multitrack_pipeline.task(
-    parents=[process_transcriptions],
+    parents=[process_tracks],
    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_HEAVY),
    retries=3,
 )
@@ -705,8 +669,8 @@ async def detect_topics(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> TopicsResult:
    """Detect topics using parallel child workflows (one per chunk)."""
    ctx.log("detect_topics: analyzing transcript for topics")

-    transcriptions_result = ctx.task_output(process_transcriptions)
-    words = transcriptions_result.all_words
+    track_result = ctx.task_output(process_tracks)
+    words = track_result.all_words

    if not words:
        ctx.log("detect_topics: no words, returning empty topics")
@@ -1143,7 +1107,7 @@ async def identify_action_items(


@daily_multitrack_pipeline.task(
-    parents=[generate_title, generate_recap, identify_action_items],
+    parents=[process_tracks, generate_title, generate_recap, identify_action_items],
    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_SHORT),
    retries=3,
 )
@@ -1156,15 +1120,10 @@ async def finalize(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> FinalizeResult:
    """
    ctx.log("finalize: saving transcript and setting status to 'ended'")

-    mixdown_result = ctx.task_output(mixdown_tracks)
-    transcriptions_result = ctx.task_output(process_transcriptions)
-    paddings_result = ctx.task_output(process_paddings)
-
-    duration = mixdown_result.duration
-    all_words = transcriptions_result.all_words
+    track_result = ctx.task_output(process_tracks)

    # Cleanup temporary padded S3 files (deferred until finalize for semantic parity with Celery)
-    created_padded_files = paddings_result.created_padded_files
+    created_padded_files = track_result.created_padded_files
    if created_padded_files:
        ctx.log(f"Cleaning up {len(created_padded_files)} temporary S3 files")
        storage = _spawn_storage()
@@ -1182,7 +1141,6 @@ async def finalize(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> FinalizeResult:

    async with fresh_db_connection():
        from reflector.db.transcripts import (  # noqa: PLC0415
-            TranscriptDuration,
            TranscriptText,
            transcripts_controller,
        )
@@ -1191,8 +1149,6 @@ async def finalize(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> FinalizeResult:
        if transcript is None:
            raise ValueError(f"Transcript {input.transcript_id} not found in database")

-        merged_transcript = TranscriptType(words=all_words, translation=None)
-
        await append_event_and_broadcast(
            input.transcript_id,
            transcript,
@@ -1204,21 +1160,15 @@ async def finalize(input: PipelineInput, ctx: Context) -> FinalizeResult:
            logger=logger,
        )

-        # Save duration and clear workflow_run_id (workflow completed successfully)
-        # Note: title/long_summary/short_summary already saved by their callbacks
+        # Clear workflow_run_id (workflow completed successfully)
+        # Note: title/long_summary/short_summary/duration already saved by their callbacks
        await transcripts_controller.update(
            transcript,
            {
-                "duration": duration,
                "workflow_run_id": None,  # Clear on success - no need to resume
            },
        )

-        duration_data = TranscriptDuration(duration=duration)
-        await append_event_and_broadcast(
-            input.transcript_id, transcript, "DURATION", duration_data, logger=logger
-        )
-
        await set_status_and_broadcast(input.transcript_id, "ended", logger=logger)

        ctx.log(
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/models.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/models.py
@@ -21,14 +21,12 @@ class ParticipantInfo(BaseModel):


 class PadTrackResult(BaseModel):
-    """Result from pad_track task.
+    """Result from pad_track task."""

-    If size=0, track required no padding and padded_key contains original S3 key.
-    If size>0, track was padded and padded_key contains new padded file S3 key.
-    """
-
-    padded_key: NonEmptyString
-    bucket_name: NonEmptyString | None
+    padded_key: NonEmptyString  # S3 key (not presigned URL) - presign on demand to avoid stale URLs on replay
+    bucket_name: (
+        NonEmptyString | None
+    )  # None means use default transcript storage bucket
    size: int
    track_index: int

@@ -61,25 +59,18 @@ class PaddedTrackInfo(BaseModel):
    """Info for a padded track - S3 key + bucket for on-demand presigning."""

    key: NonEmptyString
-    bucket_name: NonEmptyString | None
-    track_index: int
+    bucket_name: NonEmptyString | None  # None = use default storage bucket


-class ProcessPaddingsResult(BaseModel):
-    """Result from process_paddings task."""
-
-    padded_tracks: list[PaddedTrackInfo]
-    num_tracks: int
-    created_padded_files: list[NonEmptyString]
-
-
-class ProcessTranscriptionsResult(BaseModel):
-    """Result from process_transcriptions task."""
+class ProcessTracksResult(BaseModel):
+    """Result from process_tracks task."""

    all_words: list[Word]
+    padded_tracks: list[PaddedTrackInfo]  # S3 keys, not presigned URLs
    word_count: int
    num_tracks: int
    target_language: NonEmptyString
+    created_padded_files: list[NonEmptyString]


 class MixdownResult(BaseModel):
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/padding_workflow.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/padding_workflow.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 """
 Hatchet child workflow: PaddingWorkflow
-Handles individual audio track padding only.
+Handles individual audio track padding via Modal.com backend.
 """

-import tempfile
 from datetime import timedelta
-from pathlib import Path

 import av
 from hatchet_sdk import Context
@@ -16,10 +14,7 @@ from reflector.hatchet.constants import TIMEOUT_AUDIO
 from reflector.hatchet.workflows.models import PadTrackResult
 from reflector.logger import logger
 from reflector.utils.audio_constants import PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS
-from reflector.utils.audio_padding import (
-    apply_audio_padding_to_file,
-    extract_stream_start_time_from_container,
-)
+from reflector.utils.audio_padding import extract_stream_start_time_from_container


 class PaddingInput(BaseModel):
@@ -68,7 +63,7 @@ async def pad_track(input: PaddingInput, ctx: Context) -> PadTrackResult:
            bucket=input.bucket_name,
        )

-        with av.open(source_url) as in_container:
+        # Extract start_time to determine if padding needed
        with av.open(source_url) as in_container:
            if in_container.duration:
                try:
@@ -99,30 +94,52 @@ async def pad_track(input: PaddingInput, ctx: Context) -> PadTrackResult:

        storage_path = f"file_pipeline_hatchet/{input.transcript_id}/tracks/padded_{input.track_index}.webm"

-            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".webm", delete=False) as temp_file:
-                temp_path = temp_file.name
+        # Presign PUT URL for output (Modal will upload directly)
+        output_url = await storage.get_file_url(
+            storage_path,
+            operation="put_object",
+            expires_in=PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS,
+        )
+
+        import httpx  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        from reflector.processors.audio_padding_modal import (  # noqa: PLC0415
+            AudioPaddingModalProcessor,
+        )

        try:
-                apply_audio_padding_to_file(
-                    in_container,
-                    temp_path,
-                    start_time_seconds,
-                    input.track_index,
-                    logger=logger,
+            processor = AudioPaddingModalProcessor()
+            result = await processor.pad_track(
+                track_url=source_url,
+                output_url=output_url,
+                start_time_seconds=start_time_seconds,
+                track_index=input.track_index,
            )
+            file_size = result.size

-                file_size = Path(temp_path).stat().st_size
-
-                with open(temp_path, "rb") as padded_file:
-                    await storage.put_file(storage_path, padded_file)
-
-                logger.info(
-                    f"Uploaded padded track to S3",
-                    key=storage_path,
-                    size=file_size,
+            ctx.log(f"pad_track: Modal returned size={file_size}")
+        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+            error_detail = e.response.text if hasattr(e.response, "text") else str(e)
+            logger.error(
+                "[Hatchet] Modal padding HTTP error",
+                transcript_id=input.transcript_id,
+                track_index=input.track_index,
+                status_code=e.response.status_code if hasattr(e, "response") else None,
+                error=error_detail,
+                exc_info=True,
            )
-            finally:
-                Path(temp_path).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            raise Exception(
+                f"Modal padding failed: HTTP {e.response.status_code}"
+            ) from e
+        except httpx.TimeoutException as e:
+            logger.error(
+                "[Hatchet] Modal padding timeout",
+                transcript_id=input.transcript_id,
+                track_index=input.track_index,
+                error=str(e),
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+            raise Exception("Modal padding timeout") from e

        logger.info(
            "[Hatchet] pad_track complete",
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/track_processing.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/track_processing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+"""
+Hatchet child workflow: TrackProcessing
+
+Handles individual audio track processing: padding and transcription.
+Spawned dynamically by the main diarization pipeline for each track.
+
+Architecture note: This is a separate workflow (not inline tasks in DailyMultitrackPipeline)
+because Hatchet workflow DAGs are defined statically, but the number of tracks varies
+at runtime. Child workflow spawning via `aio_run()` + `asyncio.gather()` is the
+standard pattern for dynamic fan-out. See `process_tracks` in daily_multitrack_pipeline.py.
+
+Note: This file uses deferred imports (inside tasks) intentionally.
+Hatchet workers run in forked processes; fresh imports per task ensure
+storage/DB connections are not shared across forks.
+"""
+
+from datetime import timedelta
+
+import av
+from hatchet_sdk import Context
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from reflector.hatchet.client import HatchetClientManager
+from reflector.hatchet.constants import TIMEOUT_AUDIO, TIMEOUT_HEAVY
+from reflector.hatchet.workflows.models import PadTrackResult, TranscribeTrackResult
+from reflector.logger import logger
+from reflector.utils.audio_constants import PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS
+from reflector.utils.audio_padding import extract_stream_start_time_from_container
+
+
+class TrackInput(BaseModel):
+    """Input for individual track processing."""
+
+    track_index: int
+    s3_key: str
+    bucket_name: str
+    transcript_id: str
+    language: str = "en"
+
+
+hatchet = HatchetClientManager.get_client()
+
+track_workflow = hatchet.workflow(name="TrackProcessing", input_validator=TrackInput)
+
+
+@track_workflow.task(execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_AUDIO), retries=3)
+async def pad_track(input: TrackInput, ctx: Context) -> PadTrackResult:
+    """Pad single audio track with silence for alignment.
+
+    Extracts stream.start_time from WebM container metadata and applies
+    silence padding using PyAV filter graph (adelay).
+    """
+    ctx.log(f"pad_track: track {input.track_index}, s3_key={input.s3_key}")
+    logger.info(
+        "[Hatchet] pad_track",
+        track_index=input.track_index,
+        s3_key=input.s3_key,
+        transcript_id=input.transcript_id,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        # Create fresh storage instance to avoid aioboto3 fork issues
+        from reflector.settings import settings  # noqa: PLC0415
+        from reflector.storage.storage_aws import AwsStorage  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        storage = AwsStorage(
+            aws_bucket_name=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_BUCKET_NAME,
+            aws_region=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_REGION,
+            aws_access_key_id=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+            aws_secret_access_key=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        )
+
+        source_url = await storage.get_file_url(
+            input.s3_key,
+            operation="get_object",
+            expires_in=PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS,
+            bucket=input.bucket_name,
+        )
+
+        with av.open(source_url) as in_container:
+            start_time_seconds = extract_stream_start_time_from_container(
+                in_container, input.track_index, logger=logger
+            )
+
+        # If no padding needed, return original S3 key
+        if start_time_seconds <= 0:
+            logger.info(
+                f"Track {input.track_index} requires no padding",
+                track_index=input.track_index,
+            )
+            return PadTrackResult(
+                padded_key=input.s3_key,
+                bucket_name=input.bucket_name,
+                size=0,
+                track_index=input.track_index,
+            )
+
+        storage_path = f"file_pipeline_hatchet/{input.transcript_id}/tracks/padded_{input.track_index}.webm"
+
+        # Presign PUT URL for output (Modal uploads directly)
+        output_url = await storage.get_file_url(
+            storage_path,
+            operation="put_object",
+            expires_in=PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS,
+        )
+
+        from reflector.processors.audio_padding_modal import (  # noqa: PLC0415
+            AudioPaddingModalProcessor,
+        )
+
+        processor = AudioPaddingModalProcessor()
+        result = await processor.pad_track(
+            track_url=source_url,
+            output_url=output_url,
+            start_time_seconds=start_time_seconds,
+            track_index=input.track_index,
+        )
+        file_size = result.size
+
+        ctx.log(f"pad_track complete: track {input.track_index} -> {storage_path}")
+        logger.info(
+            "[Hatchet] pad_track complete",
+            track_index=input.track_index,
+            padded_key=storage_path,
+        )
+
+        # Return S3 key (not presigned URL) - consumer tasks presign on demand
+        # This avoids stale URLs when workflow is replayed
+        return PadTrackResult(
+            padded_key=storage_path,
+            bucket_name=None,  # None = use default transcript storage bucket
+            size=file_size,
+            track_index=input.track_index,
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("[Hatchet] pad_track failed", error=str(e), exc_info=True)
+        raise
+
+
+@track_workflow.task(
+    parents=[pad_track], execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_HEAVY), retries=3
+)
+async def transcribe_track(input: TrackInput, ctx: Context) -> TranscribeTrackResult:
+    """Transcribe audio track using GPU (Modal.com) or local Whisper."""
+    ctx.log(f"transcribe_track: track {input.track_index}, language={input.language}")
+    logger.info(
+        "[Hatchet] transcribe_track",
+        track_index=input.track_index,
+        language=input.language,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        pad_result = ctx.task_output(pad_track)
+        padded_key = pad_result.padded_key
+        bucket_name = pad_result.bucket_name
+
+        if not padded_key:
+            raise ValueError("Missing padded_key from pad_track")
+
+        # Presign URL on demand (avoids stale URLs on workflow replay)
+        from reflector.settings import settings  # noqa: PLC0415
+        from reflector.storage.storage_aws import AwsStorage  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        storage = AwsStorage(
+            aws_bucket_name=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_BUCKET_NAME,
+            aws_region=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_REGION,
+            aws_access_key_id=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+            aws_secret_access_key=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
+        )
+
+        audio_url = await storage.get_file_url(
+            padded_key,
+            operation="get_object",
+            expires_in=PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS,
+            bucket=bucket_name,
+        )
+
+        from reflector.pipelines.transcription_helpers import (  # noqa: PLC0415
+            transcribe_file_with_processor,
+        )
+
+        transcript = await transcribe_file_with_processor(audio_url, input.language)
+
+        # Tag all words with speaker index
+        for word in transcript.words:
+            word.speaker = input.track_index
+
+        ctx.log(
+            f"transcribe_track complete: track {input.track_index}, {len(transcript.words)} words"
+        )
+        logger.info(
+            "[Hatchet] transcribe_track complete",
+            track_index=input.track_index,
+            word_count=len(transcript.words),
+        )
+
+        return TranscribeTrackResult(
+            words=transcript.words,
+            track_index=input.track_index,
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("[Hatchet] transcribe_track failed", error=str(e), exc_info=True)
+        raise
--- a/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/transcription_workflow.py
+++ b/server/reflector/hatchet/workflows/transcription_workflow.py
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Hatchet child workflow: TranscriptionWorkflow
-Handles individual audio track transcription only.
-"""
-
-from datetime import timedelta
-
-from hatchet_sdk import Context
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-
-from reflector.hatchet.client import HatchetClientManager
-from reflector.hatchet.constants import TIMEOUT_HEAVY
-from reflector.hatchet.workflows.models import TranscribeTrackResult
-from reflector.logger import logger
-from reflector.utils.audio_constants import PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS
-
-
-class TranscriptionInput(BaseModel):
-    """Input for individual track transcription."""
-
-    track_index: int
-    padded_key: str  # S3 key from padding step
-    bucket_name: str | None  # None = use default bucket
-    language: str = "en"
-
-
-hatchet = HatchetClientManager.get_client()
-
-transcription_workflow = hatchet.workflow(
-    name="TranscriptionWorkflow", input_validator=TranscriptionInput
-)
-
-
-@transcription_workflow.task(
-    execution_timeout=timedelta(seconds=TIMEOUT_HEAVY), retries=3
-)
-async def transcribe_track(
-    input: TranscriptionInput, ctx: Context
-) -> TranscribeTrackResult:
-    """Transcribe audio track using GPU (Modal.com) or local Whisper."""
-    ctx.log(f"transcribe_track: track {input.track_index}, language={input.language}")
-    logger.info(
-        "[Hatchet] transcribe_track",
-        track_index=input.track_index,
-        language=input.language,
-    )
-
-    try:
-        from reflector.settings import settings  # noqa: PLC0415
-        from reflector.storage.storage_aws import AwsStorage  # noqa: PLC0415
-
-        storage = AwsStorage(
-            aws_bucket_name=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_BUCKET_NAME,
-            aws_region=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_REGION,
-            aws_access_key_id=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,
-            aws_secret_access_key=settings.TRANSCRIPT_STORAGE_AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY,
-        )
-
-        audio_url = await storage.get_file_url(
-            input.padded_key,
-            operation="get_object",
-            expires_in=PRESIGNED_URL_EXPIRATION_SECONDS,
-            bucket=input.bucket_name,
-        )
-
-        from reflector.pipelines.transcription_helpers import (  # noqa: PLC0415
-            transcribe_file_with_processor,
-        )
-
-        transcript = await transcribe_file_with_processor(audio_url, input.language)
-
-        for word in transcript.words:
-            word.speaker = input.track_index
-
-        ctx.log(
-            f"transcribe_track complete: track {input.track_index}, {len(transcript.words)} words"
-        )
-        logger.info(
-            "[Hatchet] transcribe_track complete",
-            track_index=input.track_index,
-            word_count=len(transcript.words),
-        )
-
-        return TranscribeTrackResult(
-            words=transcript.words,
-            track_index=input.track_index,
-        )
-
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(
-            "[Hatchet] transcribe_track failed",
-            track_index=input.track_index,
-            padded_key=input.padded_key,
-            language=input.language,
-            error=str(e),
-            exc_info=True,
-        )
-        raise
--- a/server/reflector/processors/audio_padding_modal.py
+++ b/server/reflector/processors/audio_padding_modal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"""
+Modal.com backend for audio padding.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import os
+
+import httpx
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from reflector.hatchet.constants import TIMEOUT_AUDIO
+from reflector.logger import logger
+
+
+class PaddingResponse(BaseModel):
+    size: int
+    cancelled: bool = False
+
+
+class AudioPaddingModalProcessor:
+    """Audio padding processor using Modal.com CPU backend via HTTP."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, padding_url: str | None = None, modal_api_key: str | None = None
+    ):
+        self.padding_url = padding_url or os.getenv("PADDING_URL")
+        if not self.padding_url:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PADDING_URL required to use AudioPaddingModalProcessor. "
+                "Set PADDING_URL environment variable or pass padding_url parameter."
+            )
+
+        self.modal_api_key = modal_api_key or os.getenv("MODAL_API_KEY")
+
+    async def pad_track(
+        self,
+        track_url: str,
+        output_url: str,
+        start_time_seconds: float,
+        track_index: int,
+    ) -> PaddingResponse:
+        """Pad audio track with silence via Modal backend.
+
+        Args:
+            track_url: Presigned GET URL for source audio track
+            output_url: Presigned PUT URL for output WebM
+            start_time_seconds: Amount of silence to prepend
+            track_index: Track index for logging
+        """
+        if not track_url:
+            raise ValueError("track_url cannot be empty")
+        if start_time_seconds <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"start_time_seconds must be positive, got {start_time_seconds}"
+            )
+
+        log = logger.bind(track_index=track_index, padding_seconds=start_time_seconds)
+        log.info("Sending Modal padding HTTP request")
+
+        url = f"{self.padding_url}/pad"
+
+        headers = {}
+        if self.modal_api_key:
+            headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {self.modal_api_key}"
+
+        try:
+            async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=TIMEOUT_AUDIO) as client:
+                response = await client.post(
+                    url,
+                    headers=headers,
+                    json={
+                        "track_url": track_url,
+                        "output_url": output_url,
+                        "start_time_seconds": start_time_seconds,
+                        "track_index": track_index,
+                    },
+                    follow_redirects=True,
+                )
+
+                if response.status_code != 200:
+                    error_body = response.text
+                    log.error(
+                        "Modal padding API error",
+                        status_code=response.status_code,
+                        error_body=error_body,
+                    )
+
+                response.raise_for_status()
+                result = response.json()
+
+            # Check if work was cancelled
+            if result.get("cancelled"):
+                log.warning("Modal padding was cancelled by disconnect detection")
+                raise asyncio.CancelledError(
+                    "Padding cancelled due to client disconnect"
+                )
+
+            log.info("Modal padding complete", size=result["size"])
+            return PaddingResponse(**result)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            log.warning(
+                "Modal padding cancelled (Hatchet timeout, disconnect detected on Modal side)"
+            )
+            raise
+        except httpx.TimeoutException as e:
+            log.error("Modal padding timeout", error=str(e), exc_info=True)
+            raise Exception(f"Modal padding timeout: {e}") from e
+        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+            log.error("Modal padding HTTP error", error=str(e), exc_info=True)
+            raise Exception(f"Modal padding HTTP error: {e}") from e
+        except Exception as e:
+            log.error("Modal padding unexpected error", error=str(e), exc_info=True)
+            raise
--- a/server/reflector/settings.py
+++ b/server/reflector/settings.py
@@ -98,6 +98,10 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
    # Diarization: local pyannote.audio
    DIARIZATION_PYANNOTE_AUTH_TOKEN: str | None = None

+    # Audio Padding (Modal.com backend)
+    PADDING_URL: str | None = None
+    PADDING_MODAL_API_KEY: str | None = None
+
    # Sentry
    SENTRY_DSN: str | None = None

--- a/server/reflector/utils/audio_constants.py
+++ b/server/reflector/utils/audio_constants.py
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ Used by both Hatchet workflows and Celery pipelines for consistent audio encodin
 """

 # Opus codec settings
+# ref B0F71CE8-FC59-4AA5-8414-DAFB836DB711
 OPUS_STANDARD_SAMPLE_RATE = 48000
+# ref B0F71CE8-FC59-4AA5-8414-DAFB836DB711
 OPUS_DEFAULT_BIT_RATE = 128000  # 128kbps for good speech quality

 # S3 presigned URL expiration
--- a/server/uv.lock
+++ b/server/uv.lock
@@ -159,21 +159,20 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "aiortc"
-version = "1.13.0"
+version = "1.14.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
    { name = "aioice" },
    { name = "av" },
-    { name = "cffi" },
    { name = "cryptography" },
    { name = "google-crc32c" },
    { name = "pyee" },
    { name = "pylibsrtp" },
    { name = "pyopenssl" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/62/03/bc947d74c548e0c17cf94e5d5bdacaed0ee9e5b2bb7b8b8cf1ac7a7c01ec/aiortc-1.13.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5d209975c22d0910fb5a0f0e2caa828f2da966c53580f7c7170ac3a16a871620", size = 1179894 }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/51/9c/4e027bfe0195de0442da301e2389329496745d40ae44d2d7c4571c4290ce/aiortc-1.14.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:adc8a67ace10a085721e588e06a00358ed8eaf5f6b62f0a95358ff45628dd762", size = 1180864 }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/87/29/765633cab5f1888890f5f172d1d53009b9b14e079cdfa01a62d9896a9ea9/aiortc-1.13.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9ccccec98796f6a96bd1c3dd437a06da7e0f57521c96bd56e4b965a91b03a0a0", size = 92910 },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/57/ab/31646a49209568cde3b97eeade0d28bb78b400e6645c56422c101df68932/aiortc-1.14.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4b244d7e482f4e1f67e685b3468269628eca1ec91fa5b329ab517738cfca086e", size = 93183 },
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -327,28 +326,24 @@ wheels = [

 [[package]]
 name = "av"
-version = "14.4.0"
+version = "16.1.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/78/cd/3a83ffbc3cc25b39721d174487fb0d51a76582f4a1703f98e46170ce83d4/av-16.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a094b4fd87a3721dacf02794d3d2c82b8d712c85b9534437e82a8a978c175ffd", size = 4285203 }
 wheels = [
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Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Mathieu Virbel	fa3cf5da0f	chore(main): release 0.32.2 (#842 )	2026-02-03 22:05:22 -05:00
Igor Monadical	8707c6694a	fix: use Daily API recording.duration as master source for transcript duration (#844 ) Set duration early in get_participants from Daily API (seconds -> ms), ensuring post_zulip has the value before mixdown_tracks completes. Removes redundant duration update from mixdown_tracks. Co-authored-by: Igor Loskutov <igor.loskutoff@gmail.com>	2026-02-03 17:15:03 -05:00
Igor Monadical	4acde4b7fd	fix: increase TIMEOUT_MEDIUM from 2m to 5m for LLM tasks (#843 ) Topic detection was timing out on longer transcripts when LLM responses are slow. This affects detect_chunk_topic and other LLM-calling tasks that use TIMEOUT_MEDIUM. Co-authored-by: Igor Loskutov <igor.loskutoff@gmail.com>	2026-02-03 16:05:16 -05:00
Sergey Mankovsky	a2ed7d60d5	fix: make caddy optional (#841 )	2026-02-03 00:18:47 +01:00
Mathieu Virbel	a08f94a5bf	chore(main): release 0.32.1 (#840 )	2026-01-30 17:34:48 -05:00
Igor Loskutov	c05d1f03cd	fix: match httpx pad with hatchet audio timeout	2026-01-30 15:56:18 -05:00
Igor Loskutov	23eb1371cb	fix: daily multitrack pipeline finalze dependency fix	2026-01-30 15:19:27 -05:00
Mathieu Virbel	2592e369f6	chore(main): release 0.32.0 (#838 )	2026-01-30 13:13:59 -05:00
Igor Monadical	7fde64e252	feat: modal padding (#837 ) * Add Modal backend for audio padding - Create reflector_padding.py Modal deployment (CPU-based) - Add PaddingWorkflow with conditional Modal/local backend - Update deploy-all.sh to include padding deployment --------- Co-authored-by: Igor Loskutov <igor.loskutoff@gmail.com>	2026-01-30 13:11:51 -05:00